Stone matrix asphalt,was first of all developed in 1960 in Germany which now largely helps in providing a greater permanent deformation resistance, durability to surfacing materials, longer service life, improved ageing ,high resistance in cracking, fatigue, wear, better skid resistance and like in reducing noise. It is a gap graded mixture of aggregates which helps by maximizing the asphalt-cement content and fractions of coarse aggregate .
It is a stable, rut-resistant mixture and tough which relies on aggregate-aggregate contact for providing strength . Along with rich mortar binder it provides better durability. The SMA sample is prepared by mixing coarse aggregate, fine aggregate , filler as per the gradation chart given by the standard code when using stabilizer and without stabilizers.
A fibre that is readily available in nature. less cost effective comparing to other non-conventional fibres has been used as stabilizer. It is Bamboo fibre, which is cellulose fibre extracted from naturally available Bamboo stem. It has high strength in fibre direction, greater tensile, flexural and impact strength. Thinness degree of fibre can easily be obtained from it. It is durable in nature, possesses tenacity and good stability value. An attempt has been made to find out its suitability in increasing the stability and flow value in the mixture of Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixes.
For this project, we have prepared SMA mixes using stone as coarse aggregate, slag in partial replacement of coarse aggregate and used different stabilizers and have tried to compare the results at a varying bitumen content of 4,5,5.5,6,7 % bitumen. The stabilizers were used at an optimum of 0.3% of the weight of sample.
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In last decades Steel structure has played an important role in construction Industry. It is necessary to design a structure to perform well under seismic loads. The seismic performance of a multi-story steel frame building is designed according to the provisions of the current Indian code (IS 800 -2007). The shear capacity of the structure can be increased by introducing Steel bracings in the structural system. Bracings can be used as retrofit as well. There are "n" numbers of possibilities to arrange Steel bracings such as D, K, and V type eccentric bracings. A typical six-story steel frame building is designed for various types of eccentric bracings as per the IS 800- 2007. D, K, and V are the different types of eccentric bracings considered for the present study. Performance of each frame is studied through nonlinear static analysis.
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Meshfree methods are a new class of numerical analysis methods that rectify some drawbacks of traditional mesh-based methods like FDM, FEM, BEM & FVM. Composite plates are quite common in aerospace industries and are subject to hostile operating conditions making them prone to cracks and their propagation. Hence meshfree methods have a possible application in the crack propagation of composite laminates. In this work, the Element free Galerkin Method- one of the most popular meshfree methods- is applied to isotropic and composite plates and the behavior of the plates is studied under plane stress and transverse bending. The isotropic plates are analysed using Kirchoff’s plate theory and the laminates are analysed using Classical Laminate Theory. To implement the EFG method for analysis of plate, a computer code is developed and executed in MATLAB platform. The current formulation is validated with the exact solutions. The dependence of the performance of the methods on the parameters concerning these methods is analysed and the ways to find optimal parameters are discussed. It is found that EFGM gives excellent results. However, it is dependent heavily on the parameters like support domain size. It is found that the polynomial basis and weight function are the most critical parameters and must be chosen as per the structural theory used. The support domain size, the quadrature order and nodal density also affect the results significantly.
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A bituminous pavement is a multi-layered structure generally made up of surfacing, base and sub base courses on a sub grade. An interface is said to be a boundary between any two consecutive layers. So an adequate bond between the layers at the interfaces must be ensured so that multiple layers perform as a single composite structure. In case of non-bituminous layers or bituminous-non bituminous layers, adequate bond is established as such due to the mechanical interlocking between the aggregate surfaces. However, the state of bond at the interface between any two bituminous layers has a significant influence on the stress distribution across pavement layers under traffic loads and hence on the overall performance of the pavement.
To increase the adhesion or bonding between two bituminous layers, bituminous tack coats are applied prior to overlay.This study is an attempt to evaluate the interface bond strength between two types of
bituminous layer combinations in the laboratory. The cylindrical specimens have been tested for bond strength at four normal service temperatures, namely 250, 300, 350 and 400C by applying different types of tack coat at varying application rates. The specimens have been prepared using normal Marshall Procedure first for the underlying layer, followed by application of tack coat and finally overlaying with the top layer in the same mould in an appropriate manner.
Two types of layer combinations have been tried, namely
Bituminous Concrete (BC) layer on Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) samples
Similarly, different types of tack coat materials namely bitumen, Cationic Rapid Setting with low viscosity (CRS-1) and Cationic Medium Setting with high viscosity (CMS-2) emulsions have been used for the interface bond between the said bituminous layers. The samples thus prepared have then been tested on a specially fabricated attachment (named bond strength device) fixed to the loading frame of the Modified Marshall Testing Apparatus. It is observed that the interlayer bond strength depends on the test temperature and this decreases with increase in test temperature. It is also observed that the bond strength depends on the type of tack coat used and conditions of the type of combinations. The optimum amount of tack coat has been found to vary for tack coat type and layer combination type.
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Composite materials are being increasingly used in automotive, civil, marine, and especially weight sensitive aerospace Application, primarily because of its specific strength and stiffness. This necessitates studies on vibration and buckling behaviour of the structures. Most of the analysis on vibration of composite plates is done either analytically or by different numerical methods. Very little is reported on the experimental investigation of laminated composite plates using the present state of the art instrumentation or measurement. The present research is mostly experimental study based on vibration measurement and buckling behaviour of industry driven woven fiber composite panels for different layer thickness. The effects of different geometry, boundary conditions, aspect ratio and type of fiber on the natural frequencies of vibration of woven fiber composite panels are studied in this investigation. The effects of variation in temperature and moisture concentration due to hygrothermal conditioning, on the natural frequencies are also investigated. Critical buckling load is determined for laminates with various thicknesses. Experiments have also been conducted to study the vibration and buckling characteristics of carbon/glass hybrid plates for different lamination sequence and percentage of carbon and glass fiber. A finite element package, ANSYS 13.0 was used to obtain the numerical results and plot the mode shapes for various modes of vibration.
The composite plates of different layers are manufactured using woven carbon fiber by hand lay-up method followed by cutting to required dimension. The free vibration characteristics are studied with First Fourier Transform (FFT) analyzer, accelerometer using impact hammer excitation. The Frequency Response Function (FRF) is studied using Pulse Lab Shop to obtain a clear understanding of the vibration characteristics of the specimen. The critical buckling load is determined using INSTRON 1195.
From the results obtained it was observed that, the frequencies of vibration as well as critical buckling load increased with increase in thickness. For different boundary conditions, the modal frequencies were determined to be highest in case of fully clamped condition in comparison to all other boundary conditions. It was also observed that with increasing aspect ratio there is a gradual increase in the modal frequencies obtained, due to higher stiffness. As the conditioning temperature deviates from the manufacturing temperature, the natural frequencies decrease gradually. The increase in moisture concentration of the laminate results in decrease in the modal frequencies. When compared to Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) the natural frequencies of vibration obtained from Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates were found to be significantly higher which is representative of their higher specific strength. The results of buckling tests showed that the buckling load increases with increase in thickness of the laminate.
The studies concluded that the samples when subjected to thermal conditioning for ample time lose their stiffness and so the modal frequencies decrease. The decrease in the frequencies is proportional to the temperature difference between the conditioning temperature and the manufacturing temperature. Absorption of moisture at temperatures well above room temperature also leads to damage of the laminate and so the modal frequencies decrease. The fatigue testing done by repeatedly exposing the sample to a particular temperature, attain a constant value of stiffness after reduction in initial few iterations.
The studies on hybrid plates show that they possess the advantages of both their constituent fibres and have properties intermediate to the properties of individual fibres. The effect of percentage composition and sequence of lamination of the fibres on vibrational and buckling characteristics of the composite plates were observed.
It was observed that the failure due to tensile load in hybrids is governed by delamination between layers. The values of vibrational analysis present similar conclusions with regards to stiffness of plates as obtained from the tensile tests. The buckling results show that stiffer materials on outermost layer give maximum buckling strength compared to those with carbon fibers in inner layers.
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Few things are more aggravating to produce on a work-site than Concrete. Bags of cement, sand, aggregate (gravel) and possibly other additives must be delivered to the construction area. A supply of clean water is also necessary, along with a rented concrete mixing hopper. Even after all the dusty and heavy ingredients have been loaded into the hopper, one small error in the wet/dry ratio can render an entire batch of concrete unusable.
One common solution to this messy and time-consuming problem is READY MIX CONCRETE”Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is a ready-to-use material, with predetermined mixture of cement, sand, aggregates and water.
RMC is a type of concrete manufactured in a factory according to a set recipe or as per specifications of the customer, at a centrally located batching plant.
It is delivered to a work-site, often in truck mixers capable of mixing the ingredients of the concrete en route or just before delivery of the batch. This results in a precise mixture, allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and implemented on construction sites. The second option available is to mix the concrete at the batching plant and deliver the mixed concrete to the site in an agitator truck, which keeps the mixed concrete in correct form.
In the case of the centrally mixed type, the drum carrying the concrete revolves slowly so as to prevent the mixed concrete from "segregation" and prevent its stiffening due to initial set.
However, in the case of the truck-mixed concrete, the batched materials (sand, gravel and cement) are carried and water is added just at the time of mixing. In this case the cement remains in contact with the wet or moist material and this phase cannot exceed the permissible period, which is normally 90 minutes.
The use of the RMC is facilitated through a truck-mounted 'boom placer' that can pump the product for ready use at multistoried construction sites. A boom placer can pump the concrete up 80 meters.
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The purpose of this Water Sample Testing Civil Project is to find out, how the water sample can test. The report starts with introduction and ends with conclusion with experiment report. The report defines the detailed information about water testing with various examples. The report also explains about the quantity of the samples and types of the samples. The Sampling Methods consists of Manual sampling, Automatic sampling and Sorbent sampling, which explain the details of water testing.
The physical and chemical properties of drinking water vary from top to bottom of the depth of the earth, and the time from morning to night. It is therefore difficult to obtain a truly representative sample. We need water for different purposes; we need water for drinking, industry, irrigation, swimming, fishing, etc. Water for various purposes requirements for the composition and purity, and each body of water must be tested regularly to confirm the suitability.
The types of analysis could change from simple field testing for a single analytic to laboratory based multi component instrumental analysis. The analytical process demands sampling and sample storage since changes in composition of water do not stop once the sampling has been taken. Screening is done to ensure that water reaches the laboratory, the same composition as it has occurred during sampling.
The purpose of this project is to better understand environmental impacts of our actions on the local streams and rivers, the scientific studies of water quality and the understanding is to make the significance of the results. Water analysis and monitoring is a very important aspect of water conservation and protection. Water is a vital resource that runs more quickly over time. To ensure continued supply of safe, clean drinking water, we must work together as a community to protect and to this vital resource.
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In the present scenario, as a result of continuous growth in population, rapid industrialization and the accompanying technologies involving waste disposal, the rate of discharge of pollutants into the atmosphere, copper slag is one of the industrial waste which comes out from blast furnace during metal extraction process.
Copper slag is produced as a by-product of metallurgical operations in reverberatory furnaces. Originally imported from Japan, copper slag was used as an abrasive material for removing rust and marine deposits from ships through sandblasting. After repetitive recycling and reuse, the copper slag lost its original abrasive property and with no good use thereafter and was disposed in landfills. However, there were environmental concerns about the leaching of heavy metals into soil and ground-water, and hence were dumped in landfill sites in the distant island of Pulau Semakau for decades which again had very little room for further landfills.
Holcim Singapore found a novel way of encapsulating this waste into concrete thereby not only removing the environmental concern but also finding a value-added and meaningful substitute for natural sand. Copper slag is totally inert material and its physical properties are similar to natural sand. A laboratory study was carried out in the Institute to investigate the potential of using copper slag as a partial replacement of sand in cement concrete. The use of copper slag in cement and concrete provides potential environmental as well as economic benefits for all related industries, particularly in areas where a considerable amount of copper slag is produced. In many countries, there is a scarcity of natural aggregate that is suitable for construction, whereas in other countries the consumption of aggregate has increased in recent years, due to increases in the construction Industry. In order to reduce depletion of natural aggregate due to construction, artificially manufactured aggregate and some industrial waste materials can be used as alternatives.
Thus our project is to utilize the copper slag by the replacement for fine aggregate for maintaining economy and increasing the strength of concrete. By this project we can also solve the problem of disposal of this type of industrial waste. Different types of slag according to the property can be utilized in different purposes.
Android is an operating system based on Linux with a Java programming interface, targeted at mobile hardware such as phones and tablet computers. It seems that it keeps increasing market share in smartphone and even trying to get footing into TV world (Google TV with Android OS). It provides tools, e.g. a compiler, debugger and a device emulator as well as its own Java Virtual machine (Dalvik). Android is created by the Open Handset Alliance which is lead by Google.Android uses a special Java virtual machine (Dalvik) which is based on the Apache Harmony Java implementation. Dalvik uses special bytecode there you cannot run standard Java program on Android but you have to use the Android compiler to create this special byte-code.
Android supports 2-D and 3-D graphics using the OpenGL libraries and supports data storage in a SQLite database. For development Google provides the Android Development Tools (ADT) for Eclipse to develop Android applications.Android's Linux kernel-based OS doesn't come with a sophisticated shell environment, but because the platform is open, we can write and install shells on a device. Download Group Messanger in Android
Python is a widely used general-purpose, high-level and Open Source programming language.Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than would be possible in languages such as C.The language provides constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale.
Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative and functional programming or procedural styles. It features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management and has a large and comprehensive standard library.
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