In this work the influence of Under Sleeper Pads on the dynamic forces on a railway track is investigated. A special interest is devoted to the effect of using Under Sleeper Pads in a railway track with changing vertical stiffness. The contact force between wheel and rail and the ballast contact forces are examined. For the investigation a finite element model with the length of thirty sleepers is created and calculations are performed with the software LS-DYNA. Three different cases of varying vertical track
stiffness are studied: the transition from an embankment to a bridge, a randomly varying track stiffness along the railway track and hanging sleepers.
This is one of the innovative Mechanical Engineering Project for Mechanical and Automobile Engineering Student.Complete Report in PDF format is included For study purpose.
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It is difficult for people to recognize currencies from different countries. Our aim is to help people solve this problem. However, currency recognition systems that are based on image analysis entirely are not sufficient. Our system is based on image processing and makes the process automatic and robust. We use SEK and Chinese RMB as examples to illustrate the technique. Color and shape information are used in our algorithm.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the ying qualities of a light unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed by the Thai company AVIA Satcom Co., Ltd. Based on the study changes in design was to be suggested to meet stability requirements and recommendations from European Aviation Safety Agency and Federal Aviation Administration. The evaluation was based on two dierent analyses.
First,the stability characteristics in terms of stability modes were examined by creating a light dynamics model of the studied airplane. Secondly the controllability of the vehicle was investigated by examining the control surfaces. It was found that the original design of the UAV was dynamically unstable and that the control surfaces were too large making the airplane di cult to y in trim condition. By studying the stability characteristics of the simulated airplane it could be concluded that the UAV was dynamically
stable for the improved design and thereby meet the requirements and recommendations.
Many modeling studies have been carried out to simulate the current distribution across the channel and shoulder direction in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. However the modeling results do not show agreement on the current density distribution. At the same time, no experimental measurement result of current density distribution across the channel and the shoulder direction is available to testify the modeling studies. Hence in this work, an experiment was conducted to separately
measure the current densities under the channel and the shoulder in a PEM fuel cell by using the specially designed membrane electrode assemblies. The experimental results show that the current density under the channel is lower than that under the shoulder except when the fuel cell load is high. Afterwards two more experiments were carried out to find out the reason causing the higher current density under the shoulder. The effects of the electric resistance of gas diffusion layer (GDL) in the lateral and through-plane directions on the current density distribution were studied respectively. The experimental results show that it is the through-plane electric resistance that leads to the higher current
density under the shoulder.
Most aircraft component are currently being manufactured by machining, forging, welding and also assembling such parts. However, the possibilities of cutting cost from a single component has brought about a growing trend towards looking into casting as a possible option for manufacturing aircraft parts.
This thesis was done at the request of Saab Avitronics. It evaluates the possibilities of one aircraft part, a chassis for an electronic unit that was first designed to be machined from a blank, to be cast. The thesis goes through the multifaceted tasks of product development. Casting process selection, cast alloy selection as well as geometry modification were some of these tasks that were performed in this thesis. It also evaluates the performances of chosen casting processes, the design of gating systems as well as various process parameters set, by simulating the casting processes.
The alloy chosen was A356.0 with a T6 temper and the casting processes chosen were plaster mold casting and rheocasting. The geometry of the original chassis, which had very thin sections and undercuts which were complex to cast, was modified and made easier to cast with an acceptable slight increase of mass and size. The modification done on the geometry as well as the gating systems used had proven to be worthwhile, as the simulation of both process showed that such a part can be casted with no crucial defects foreseen. However, probable cavities might occur at the very tip of the chassis‟s thin-fins – that it has for carrying away heat. Minor subsurface porosities might also be formed, which would not impair the function of the chassis. The modified chassis was made as close to as finished piece as possible, for the purpose of reducing machining costs. The cost of producing such a part by casting was also seen to be much less than machining it from blank. This could be taken as rationale for casting the chassis with thicker sections, to avoid problems that may arise in casting, and to subsequently machine these faces later, as it would still be cheaper than machining the chassis from a blank.
Almost every water resources project has a reservoir or diversion work for the control of floods or to store water for irrigation or power generation, domestic or industrial water supply. A spillway with control mechanism is almost invariably provided for release of waters during excess flood inflows. Releases of water may also be carried out by control devices provided in conduits in the body of the dam and tunnels. In order to achieve flow control, a gate or a shutter is provided in which a leaf or a closure member is placed across the waterway from an external position to control the flow of water. Control of flow in closed pipes such as penstocks conveying water for hydropower is also done by valves, which are different from gates in the sense that they come together with the driving equipment, whereas gates require a separate drive or hoisting equipment.
Right selection of gates and their hoisting arrangement is very important to ensure safety of the structure and effective control. A designer has to plan a gate and its hoisting arrangement together. Separate planning of gates or hoists, sometimes results in unsatisfactory installation. Though the choice for the gates and hoists depends on several factors, primarily safety, ease in operation as well as maintenance and economy are the governing requirements in the same order. It is essential for the water resources engineer to be aware of the different factors, which would largely affect the choice of gates and hoists and would help in selection of the same.
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This project is a combination of mechanical engineering and sustainable development in developing countries.The goal has been to build a windmill driven water pump and to design a small-scale irrigation system for SCC-Vi Agroforestry’s demonstration farm in Musoma, Mara region, Tanzania. The purpose was to enable SCC-Vi Agroforestry to demonstrate and spread knowledge about these techniques to farmers in the region.
The windmill construction in this report is based on the prototype, but the original drawings were changed to fit the specific situation. Important throughout the project has been to minimise cost and to only use material that local farmers can get hold of. Building and assembling of the windmill were then performed by the authors in co-operation with local workers. The windmill drives a pump that pumps water from a well to a tank for further use in irrigation.
Calculations have been made on the energy available in the wind and an energy analysis was then performed to see what wind speed is required for the system to work. If wind speed is low, the windmill can be adjusted by placing the connecting rod closer to the rotation centre where it requires less work to function. As a result of that, the volume of water per stroke will decrease and it will take longer time to fill the tank. This project was carried out during the rainy season when there is less wind; therefore the windmill has not been tested during optimal wind speed conditions. The tests that have been performed during the circumstances at the time showed that the performance of the windmill is consistent with the theoretical calculations.
A proposed design for a simple drip irrigation system has been developed based on the conditions at the project area. It is constructed of plastic pipes with holes that emit water. Covers are in place to prevent soil from clogging the holes. Building the irrigation system was not part of this project.
Automatic multi-storey car parks provide lower building cost per parking slot, as they typically require less building volume and less ground area than a conventional facility with the same capacity. However, the cost of the mechanical equipment within the building that is needed to transport cars internally needs to be added to the lower building cost to determine the total costs.
Other costs are usually lower too, for example there is no need for an energy intensive ventilating system, since cars are not driven inside and human cashiers or security personnel may not be needed.
A multi-storey car parks offer greatest possible flexibility for the realization of optimum parking solution. A fast parking process in which the driver does not have to maneuver his car or drive backwards, guarantees highest comfort and security. A single lift serves 6 to 12 parking spaces per level taking up a minimum of space. Time-saving vertical and horizontal movements take place simultaneously ensuring fast parking and retrieval times.
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In remote areas the sun is a cheap source of electricity because instead of hydraulic generators it uses solar cells to
produce electricity. While the output of solar cells depends on the intensity of sunlight and the angle of incidence. It means to get maximum efficiency; the solar panels1 must remain in front of sun during the whole day. But due to rotation of earth those panels can’t maintain their position always in front of sun. This problem results in decrease of their efficiency. Thus to get a constant output, an automated system is required which should be capable to constantly rotate the solar panel.
The Automatic Sun Tracking System (ASTS) was made as a prototype to solve the problem, mentioned above. It is completely automatic and keeps the panel in front of sun until that is visible. The unique feature of this system is that instead of taking the earth as its reference, it takes the sun as a guiding source. Its active sensors constantly monitor the sunlight and rotate the panel towards the direction where the intensity of sunlight is maximum. In case the sun gets invisible e.g. in cloudy weather, then without tracking the sun the ASTS keeps rotating the solar panel in opposite direction to the rotation of earth. But its speed of rotation is same as that of earth’s rotation2. Due to this property when
after some time e.g. half an hour when the sun again gets visible, the solar panel is exactly in front of sun. Moreover the system can manage the errors and also provides the error messages on the LCD display. In manual mode, through the software (GUI) at computer, the solar panel can be rotated at any desired angle.
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This project aims at the development of a bio-mimetic propulsion mechanism for a Flapping Wing Micro Aerial Vehicle, without considering the aerodynamics of the wings in the design. This artifcial bird will be the size of approximately 10-20cm.It covers the leading-edge vortex (LEV), the clap-and fling effect,rotational lift and wing wake interactions. This is followed by a review of natural appears. The aerodynamic and kinematic pattern of hummingbirds, bats, insects and small birds are summarized. Based on this review several diferent concepts of mechanisms for apping wings are generated, which are seperated for the apping motion and the pitching motion. Using a qualitative evaluation, the quality of the concepts are determined according to diferent criteria such as weight, size, robustness, mechanical complexity, expected power consumption and accuracy.
The best concept is used as basis for a 3D CAD design of the mechanism, which should mainly reproduce the desired kinematics. During the design process the focus is set more on getting a robust and simple mechanism, which could be used as a test bench for further investigations and measurements. Concluding, the mechanism is manufactured and assembled to prove the feasibility.
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